Infantile hydrocephalus, also known as “water on the brain”, is a condition that affects newborns and young children. It occurs when there is an excessive build-up of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain, leading to an enlarged head and potentially causing damage to the brain tissue. This condition requires prompt medical attention as it can result in serious developmental and neurological problems if left untreated.
The Causes of Infantile Hydrocephalus
There are various causes of infantile hydrocephalus, and they can be broadly categorized into two types: congenital and acquired. Congenital hydrocephalus is present at birth and may be caused by genetic factors or abnormal brain development during pregnancy. Acquired hydrocephalus, on the other hand, develops after birth and can be caused by infections, bleeding in the brain, or head injuries.
Some of the more common causes of infantile hydrocephalus include:
1. Infections during pregnancy – Certain infections such as rubella, cytomegalovirus, and toxoplasmosis can affect the developing brain of the fetus and lead to hydrocephalus.
2. Genetic disorders – Conditions such as Dandy-Walker syndrome, which affects the development of the cerebellum, can also result in hydrocephalus.
3. Bleeding in the brain – This can occur due to trauma during pregnancy or delivery, resulting in a blockage of CSF flow.
4. Tumors – Brain tumors can block the flow of CSF and cause hydrocephalus.
5. Premature birth – Babies born prematurely are at a higher risk of developing hydrocephalus due to their underdeveloped brain structures.
Symptoms of Infantile Hydrocephalus
The most prominent symptom of infantile hydrocephalus is an enlarged head size. This can be noticed by a faster growth rate of the head circumference compared to the rest of the body. Other common symptoms include:
1. Bulging fontanelle – The soft spot on a baby’s head may appear swollen or bulging.
2. Downward gaze – Babies with hydrocephalus may have a tendency to look downward, known as “sunset eyes”.
3. Vomiting – This can occur due to the increased pressure in the brain.
4. Seizures – In some cases, hydrocephalus can cause seizures in infants.
5. Developmental delays – If left untreated, hydrocephalus can lead to delays in motor skills, cognitive abilities, and overall development.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Infantile Hydrocephalus
If you suspect that your child may have hydrocephalus, it is important to seek medical attention immediately. The doctor will conduct a physical examination and may order imaging tests such as an ultrasound, MRI, or CT scan to confirm the diagnosis.
Treatment for infantile hydrocephalus typically involves surgery to remove the excess fluid and relieve the pressure on the brain. The most common type of surgery for this condition is the placement of a shunt – a thin tube that drains the excess fluid from the brain to another part of the body where it can be absorbed.
In some cases, the condition may also be treated through endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV), where a small hole is made in one of the ventricles of the brain to allow the fluid to flow out.
The Long-Term Effects of Infantile Hydrocephalus
The long-term effects of infantile hydrocephalus depend on various factors such as the severity of the condition, how early it was diagnosed and treated, and any underlying conditions. If treated promptly, many children with hydrocephalus can lead normal lives with little to no long-term effects.
However, in some cases, hydrocephalus can lead to significant developmental delays and cognitive impairments. Children may also experience vision problems, difficulty with balance and coordination, and learning disabilities. It is important for parents to work closely with their child’s doctors and therapists to manage and address any long-term effects of the condition.
In Conclusion
Infantile hydrocephalus is a serious condition that requires prompt medical attention. With early diagnosis and treatment, the majority of children with this condition can lead healthy, fulfilling lives. It is crucial for parents to be aware of the symptoms and seek medical help if they suspect their child may have hydrocephalus. With proper care and treatment, children with hydrocephalus can reach their full potential and thrive.