Stomach ulcers, also known as gastric ulcers, are painful sores that develop on the lining of the stomach. Treating them effectively involves a combination of medication, lifestyle changes, and sometimes surgery, depending on the cause and severity.
The primary goal of treatment is to reduce stomach acid, promote healing of the ulcer, and address the underlying cause, such as infection or medication use. One of the most common causes of stomach ulcers is infection with the bacterium *Helicobacter pylori* (H. pylori). When this infection is present, treatment typically involves a combination of antibiotics to eradicate the bacteria and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce acid production. PPIs, such as omeprazole or esomeprazole, work by blocking the acid-producing pumps in the stomach lining, creating a less acidic environment that allows the ulcer to heal. The antibiotic regimen usually includes two or more antibiotics taken for one to two weeks to ensure the bacteria are fully eliminated. This dual approach attacks the ulcer from two directions: removing the irritant (the bacteria) and reducing acid to promote healing.
If the ulcer is caused by the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like aspirin or ibuprofen, the first step is to stop or reduce the use of these medications if possible. NSAIDs can damage the protective mucus lining of the stomach, making it vulnerable to acid damage. Alongside discontinuing NSAIDs, doctors often prescribe PPIs or histamine receptor blockers (H2 blockers) to reduce acid production and protect the stomach lining. In some cases, if NSAIDs cannot be stopped due to other health conditions, PPIs may be given as a preventative measure to reduce the risk of ulcers.
In addition to medications, other drugs may be used to protect the ulcer site. For example, bismuth-containing compounds like Pepto-Bismol can coat the ulcer, shielding it from stomach acid and aiding healing.
Lifestyle changes are an important part of treatment and can help relieve symptoms and prevent ulcers from recurring. Avoiding smoking and alcohol is crucial because both irritate the stomach lining and delay healing. Eating small, frequent meals rather than large meals can reduce the burden on the stomach and help manage symptoms. It is also advisable to avoid foods and drinks that can irritate the stomach, such as spicy foods, coffee, and carbonated beverages. Managing stress through relaxation techniques and maintaining a balanced lifestyle may also help reduce symptoms, although stress itself does not directly cause ulcers.
In rare cases where ulcers lead to serious complications such as perforation (a hole in the stomach wall) or bleeding that cannot be controlled by medication, surgical intervention may be necessary. Modern surgical approaches often favor minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques, which have been shown to reduce mortality and postoperative complications compared to traditional open surgery.
Overall, the treatment of stomach ulcers is tailored to the individual based on the cause, severity, and presence of complications. With appropriate medical therapy and lifestyle adjustments, most ulcers heal completely, though ongoing monitoring may be needed to prevent recurrence.
