Skin breakdown in older adults is a significant concern, as it can lead to discomfort, infections, and even life-threatening complications. Several factors contribute to this issue, and understanding them is crucial for prevention and management.
One of the most common causes of skin breakdown is **pressure ulcers**, also known as pressure sores. These occur when prolonged pressure cuts off blood flow to the skin, typically over bony areas like the heels, hips, and tailbone. Pressure ulcers can develop quickly, sometimes in as little as two hours, and can range from mild redness to deep wounds that significantly impact independence and quality of life[2][5].
Another frequent issue is **skin tears**, which happen when fragile skin is stripped away from underlying tissues. This often occurs due to minor accidents, such as bumping into furniture, removing adhesives, or during transfers. Skin tears are particularly common in older adults because their skin becomes thinner and more susceptible to injury[3][5].
**Incontinence-associated dermatitis** is another common problem. It arises when skin is repeatedly exposed to moisture, leading to painful inflammation and damage to the skin’s integrity. This condition not only causes discomfort but also affects dignity and overall well-being[5].
Additionally, **friction and shear forces** play a significant role in skin breakdown. Friction occurs when skin rubs against surfaces, while shear forces happen when skin is pulled in opposite directions, both of which can lead to injuries like pressure ulcers[1][3].
Lastly, **xerosis**, or over-dryness of the skin, is a common issue among older adults. It causes itching and discomfort, disrupting sleep and increasing the risk of scratching, which can further impair the skin barrier and lead to infections[5].
Preventing skin breakdown involves maintaining good skin care practices, such as using gentle cleansers, moisturizing regularly, and ensuring a balanced diet rich in nutrients like protein, vitamins C and D, and zinc. Protective strategies, such as padding on mobility aids and cautious handling during transfers, are also essential[5].
