Ganglion cysts are fluid-filled lumps that typically develop near joints or tendons, most commonly on the wrist or hand. While they are generally benign and not serious, they can lead to several complications depending on their size, location, and whether they cause symptoms.
One of the primary complications is **pain and discomfort**. Although many ganglion cysts are painless, some can press on nearby nerves or tissues, causing aching, tenderness, or a sharp pain, especially when moving the affected joint. This can interfere with daily activities, such as gripping or wrist movement, leading to weakness or numbness in the hand or fingers.
Another complication is **rupture of the cyst**. When a ganglion cyst ruptures, the gelatinous fluid inside leaks into surrounding tissues. This can cause a sudden increase in pain and swelling at the site. The rupture may temporarily worsen symptoms before the area settles down. However, rupture does not always resolve the cyst permanently, and the cyst may refill or recur.
**Recurrence** is a common issue, especially after treatments like aspiration (draining the cyst with a needle). Even after surgical removal, ganglion cysts can come back because the underlying joint or tendon sheath problem remains. Recurrence can lead to repeated discomfort and the need for further medical intervention.
In some cases, ganglion cysts can cause **restricted joint movement**. Large cysts or those located near joints may physically limit the range of motion, making it difficult to fully bend or extend the wrist or fingers. This can affect hand function and dexterity.
Though rare, ganglion cysts can sometimes be associated with **nerve compression syndromes**. If the cyst presses on a nerve, it can cause symptoms like tingling, numbness, or a “pins and needles” sensation in the fingers or hand. This nerve involvement can mimic conditions such as carpal tunnel syndrome and may require more specialized treatment.
There is also a risk of **infection**, particularly if the cyst is punctured or aspirated improperly. Infection can cause redness, warmth, swelling, and increased pain around the cyst, requiring prompt medical care.
In very unusual cases, ganglion cysts may be linked to underlying joint problems such as **degenerative joint disease** or tendon tears. For example, a cyst near the shoulder could be associated with rotator cuff tears or arthritis, complicating the clinical picture and requiring more extensive treatment.
Psychologically, having a visible lump can cause **anxiety or embarrassment** for some individuals, impacting their quality of life. Concerns about the lump being cancerous or causing permanent damage can lead to stress, which may necessitate reassurance and counseling.
In summary, while ganglion cysts are mostly harmless, complications can include pain, rupture, recurrence, restricted movement, nerve compression, infection, and psychological distress. These complications vary widely depending on the cyst’s characteristics and location, and they often guide the choice of treatment and management strategies.
