The human body is an incredibly complex and fascinating system made up of many interconnected parts and functions. While we are all familiar with the brain as the center of our nervous system, there is another lesser-known nervous system in our bodies that plays a vital role in our overall health and well-being – the enteric nervous system, also known as our “second brain”.
The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a network of nerves, neurotransmitters, and specialized cells that line the walls of the digestive tract, from the esophagus to the anus. It is often referred to as the “second brain” due to its ability to function independently from the central nervous system (CNS) located in our brain and spinal cord. In fact, the ENS contains over 100 million nerve cells, which is more than the number of cells in our spinal cord.
The ENS was first discovered in 1822 by German anatomist Johann J. Meckel who noticed that the gut had its own nerve supply. However, it wasn’t until the 1990s that researchers truly began to understand the complexity and importance of this second brain. The ENS has since been recognized as a key player in our overall health, responsible for regulating digestion, absorbing nutrients, and even influencing our moods and emotions.
So, what exactly does the enteric nervous system do? Let’s delve deeper into its functions and the role it plays in keeping us healthy.
Regulating digestion
The primary function of the ENS is to regulate digestion. It does this by controlling the movements of the digestive tract, including the contraction and relaxation of muscles that push food through our digestive system. It is also responsible for controlling the release of enzymes and hormones that break down food and help with absorption. This intricate network of nerves and cells allows for smooth and efficient digestion, ensuring that we are able to properly digest and absorb essential nutrients from our food.
Communicating with the brain
While the ENS can function independently, it also communicates with our central nervous system. This communication is enabled through the vagus nerve, a long nerve that runs from the brainstem to the abdomen and is responsible for sending signals between the ENS and CNS. The ENS sends signals to the brain about the state of our digestive system, such as when we are full or hungry, and the brain, in turn, can influence the ENS to change its activity. For example, feeling stressed or anxious can cause changes in our digestive processes, such as stomachaches or diarrhea, due to the connection between the ENS and CNS.
Influence on mood and emotions
It may come as a surprise that our second brain also has an impact on our emotions and mood. The ENS contains a large number of neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, and GABA, which are also found in the brain and play a role in regulating our emotions. In fact, 95% of serotonin – the “feel-good” hormone – is produced in the gut. This explains why many people experience digestive symptoms when they are feeling stressed or anxious, as our emotions can have a direct effect on our gut and vice versa.
Gut-brain axis
The connection between our gut and brain is known as the gut-brain axis, and it plays an important role in maintaining overall health. When the ENS and CNS communicate effectively, it helps to regulate digestion, promote feelings of well-being, and even support the immune system. However, when this connection is disrupted, it can lead to issues such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), Crohn’s disease, and even mental health disorders like anxiety and depression.
Ways to support a healthy enteric nervous system
Given the vital role that the enteric nervous system plays in our overall health, it is important to take care of it. Here are some ways to support a healthy ENS:
1. Eat a healthy, balanced diet: The ENS needs proper nourishment to function optimally. Eating a diet high in fiber and nutrient-rich foods will help keep your digestive system running smoothly.
2. Stay hydrated: Drinking enough water is essential for maintaining a healthy digestive system. It helps to keep the stool soft and easy to pass, preventing constipation.
3. Manage stress: As mentioned earlier, stress can have a direct effect on our gut health. Finding ways to manage stress, such as meditation, exercise, or talking to a therapist, can help keep our gut-brain axis in balance.
4. Avoid antibiotics when possible: Antibiotics can kill off both harmful and beneficial bacteria in our gut, which can disrupt the balance of our microbiome. Only take antibiotics when necessary, and consider taking probiotics or eating probiotic-rich foods afterward to replenish the good bacteria in your gut.
5. Listen to your body: Pay attention to any digestive symptoms you may experience and address them promptly. If you are experiencing ongoing issues, consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and treatment.
In conclusion, the enteric nervous system is a complex and important part of our overall health. From regulating digestion to influencing our moods and emotions, this “second brain” plays a crucial role in keeping our bodies functioning properly. By taking care of our gut-brain axis and supporting a healthy ENS, we can promote overall wellness and maintain a happy, healthy gut.
