Pain Medications and Their Effect on Cognitive Function
Pain medications are widely used to manage various types of discomfort, from headaches to chronic conditions. While these drugs provide relief, they can also impact our cognitive abilities in different ways. Let’s explore how common pain medications affect our brain function and memory.
Over-the-counter painkillers like acetaminophen (Tylenol) and ibuprofen are generally considered safe for cognitive function when used as directed. However, recent research suggests that acetaminophen might subtly influence our ability to process information. A study found that people taking acetaminophen were slightly less reactive to emotional stimuli, both positive and negative[4]. This effect was small and likely wouldn’t be noticeable in everyday life, but it highlights how even common medications can influence our brain processes.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen and naproxen are another popular choice for pain relief. These medications don’t typically cause cognitive side effects when used short-term. However, long-term use of NSAIDs, especially in older adults, has been associated with a small increased risk of cognitive decline[9]. It’s important to note that this risk is generally outweighed by the benefits of pain management for most people.
Opioid painkillers, such as morphine, oxycodone, and codeine, can have more significant effects on cognitive function. These medications work by binding to receptors in the brain, which not only reduces pain but can also cause drowsiness, confusion, and impaired concentration[6]. Long-term use of opioids may lead to more persistent cognitive changes, including difficulties with memory and decision-making. However, it’s worth noting that uncontrolled chronic pain itself can negatively impact cognitive function, so effective pain management with opioids may actually improve cognition in some cases.
Interestingly, recent research has explored how pain and memory are interconnected in the brain. A study published in eLife in 2025 found that chronic pain can lead to memory impairment in some individuals[1]. The researchers identified a signaling pathway in the hippocampus, a brain region crucial for memory, that becomes dysfunctional in chronic pain conditions. This discovery suggests that effectively managing chronic pain might help preserve cognitive function in the long term.
For those dealing with chronic pain, there are non-opioid options that may have fewer cognitive side effects. These include antidepressants and anti-epileptic drugs, which can be effective for certain types of pain[5]. While these medications can still have some impact on cognitive function, the effects are often less pronounced than those of opioids.
A promising development in pain management is the recent approval of a new non-opioid pain medication called Journavx (suzetrigine)[6][7]. This drug works differently from opioids by blocking pain signals before they reach the brain. While it’s too early to know its long-term cognitive effects, initial studies suggest it may have a more favorable cognitive profile compared to opioids.
It’s important to remember that the impact of pain medications on cognitive function can vary greatly between individuals. Factors such as age, overall health, and the specific type and dose of medication all play a role. Additionally, the cognitive effects of pain medications should always be weighed against their benefits in managing pain, which itself can impair cognitive function if left untreated.
If you’re concerned about how your pain medication might be affecting your thinking or memory, it’s crucial to discuss this with your healthcare provider. They can help you find the right balance between pain relief and cognitive function, potentially adjusting your medication or exploring alternative treatments.
In conclusion
