Can untreated hypertension cause dementia-like decline? Yes, leaving high blood pressure untreated, especially during middle age, raises the risk of cognitive problems that mimic dementia, such as memory loss, confusion, and trouble thinking clearly.[1][5] High blood pressure harms small blood vessels in the brain over time, leading to white matter damage, reduced blood flow, and brain shrinkage that can cause these symptoms.[1][5]
The danger peaks between ages 45 and 64. Studies show people with high blood pressure in midlife have a much higher chance of later cognitive decline and full dementia, including vascular dementia and even Alzheimer’s type changes.[1] Vascular dementia happens when blocked or damaged brain arteries cut off oxygen and nutrients, creating symptoms like dementia.[5] Untreated pressure also sparks inflammation and oxidative stress, speeding up brain cell damage.[1]
In older adults over 65, the link weakens. Very high blood pressure in those over 75 might even link to lower dementia rates, possibly because low pressure signals other health issues.[1] Still, controlling blood pressure helps everyone. One major trial found lowering it to under 120 mmHg cut the risk of mild cognitive issues and dementia compared to under 140 mmHg.[1]
Treating high blood pressure matters. Medications and lifestyle changes protect the brain if started early. Do not stop these drugs if dementia symptoms appear without doctor advice, as they still offer benefits.[1] People with early cognitive decline often struggle more with managing blood pressure, creating a cycle of poor control and worsening brain health.[3]
Keeping blood pressure in check through diet, exercise, and meds can lower these risks. Midlife is a key time to act, but changes help at any age.[1][5]
Sources
https://www.droracle.ai/articles/644255/can-hypertension-htn-cause-dementia
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12725286/
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12748134/
https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.71002?af=R
https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/dementia-information/types-of-dementia/vascular-dementia/risk-factors/
