The newest FDA-approved drug for multiple sclerosis (MS) is expected to be **tolebrutinib**, an oral Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor designed specifically for treating *non-relapsing secondary progressive multiple sclerosis* (SPMS). This drug represents a significant advancement because it targets the…
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antibodies play a crucial role in understanding the connection between EBV infection and multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system. EBV is a herpesvirus that infects over 90% of people worldwide, typically…
Research on the relationship between stress and multiple sclerosis (MS) flare-ups reveals a complex and nuanced picture. Stress, particularly psychological stress, has long been suspected as a potential trigger for increased disease activity in MS, including relapses or flare-ups. However,…
Obesity significantly increases the risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS), particularly when excess weight is present during childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. This elevated risk is linked to the way obesity influences the immune system and inflammation in the body.…
The evidence linking smoking to multiple sclerosis (MS) is substantial and multifaceted, involving epidemiological data, clinical observations, and experimental studies that collectively indicate smoking as a significant risk factor for developing MS and influencing its progression. Smoking has been consistently…
The role of gut bacteria in the progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) is a rapidly evolving area of research that reveals how the tiny organisms living in our digestive system can influence this complex neurological disease. MS is an autoimmune…
The success rate of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for multiple sclerosis (MS) varies depending on several factors, including the type of MS, the patient’s condition before treatment, and the specific HSCT protocol used. Generally, HSCT is considered a promising…
Stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis (MS) is an area of active and evolving research, focusing primarily on the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) due to their unique properties that may help modulate the immune system and promote neurological…
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease that affects the central nervous system, causing symptoms like vision problems, muscle weakness, and difficulties with coordination. The role of genetics in MS is significant but not straightforward. It is not a disease…
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease where the immune system plays a central and destructive role. At its core, MS is considered an autoimmune disorder, meaning the body’s immune defenses mistakenly identify parts of the central nervous system…