## How Bilingualism Influences Cognitive Reserve in Multiple Sclerosis Patients Imagine your brain as a city with many roads. Some roads are busy highways, others quiet streets. When a storm hits—like the damage caused by multiple sclerosis (MS)—some roads might…
Computerized cognitive training has emerged as a promising approach to help people with multiple sclerosis (MS) improve their everyday functioning, particularly in areas affected by cognitive difficulties. MS is a chronic neurological condition that often leads to problems with memory,…
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive technique that uses magnetic fields to stimulate specific areas of the brain. It involves placing an electromagnetic coil near the scalp, which generates brief, focused magnetic pulses. These pulses induce small electrical currents…
Brain network connectivity, as observed through functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), plays a crucial role in understanding cognitive decline in multiple sclerosis (MS). MS is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system, leading to a wide range…
Machine-learning models that predict conversion to secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) focus on analyzing complex clinical, imaging, and biological data to identify patterns indicating disease progression from the relapsing-remitting phase to the secondary progressive phase. These models use various types…
Home EEG (electroencephalography) devices have potential to detect subclinical disease activity in multiple sclerosis (MS), but their current role is limited and still under investigation. Subclinical MS activity refers to disease processes occurring in the brain or nervous system without…
Smartphone-based tests measure upper-limb function in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) by using the phone’s built-in sensors and interactive applications to assess strength, dexterity, coordination, and sensory feedback in the arms and hands. These tests are designed to capture detailed,…
Digital biomarkers collected from wearable devices hold significant promise for predicting near-term relapses in various health conditions, especially mental health disorders like bipolar disorder. These biomarkers are objective, quantifiable physiological and behavioral data captured continuously or frequently by sensors embedded…
When discussing clinical trials, particularly those focusing on conditions like multiple sclerosis, understanding the endpoints that best capture progression independent of relapse activity (PIRA) is crucial. PIRA refers to the worsening of a disease over time without the occurrence of…
Immune reconstitution therapies (IRTs) offer a promising approach to treating inflammatory multiple sclerosis (MS) by essentially “resetting” the immune system to reduce or halt the autoimmune attack on the central nervous system. These therapies aim to eliminate or profoundly suppress…