Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neurological and vascular disorder caused primarily by a specific genetic mutation that occurs after conception, meaning it is not inherited but arises spontaneously in the affected individual. The root cause is a **somatic mosaic…
Kleine-Levin syndrome (KLS) is a rare and complex neurological disorder characterized by recurring episodes of excessive sleepiness (hypersomnia), along with cognitive and behavioral changes such as confusion, irritability, and sometimes compulsive eating or hypersexuality. Because KLS is so uncommon and…
Cataplexy is characterized by a sudden, brief episode of muscle weakness or loss of muscle tone that occurs while a person is fully awake. The key signs of cataplexy include: – **Sudden muscle weakness or limpness** that can affect various…
Periodic Limb Movement Disorder (PLMD) is a sleep-related movement disorder characterized by involuntary, repetitive movements of the limbs, typically the legs, during sleep. These movements often involve jerking or twitching and occur in a periodic pattern, usually every 20 to…
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is a condition where people physically act out vivid, often unpleasant dreams during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage of sleep. This can lead to injury to themselves or their bed partners. Treating RBD involves…
Parasomnias are a group of sleep disorders characterized by abnormal behaviors, movements, emotions, perceptions, or dreams that occur during sleep or sleep-wake transitions. These can include sleepwalking, sleep talking, night terrors, REM sleep behavior disorder, sleep paralysis, and others. While…
Hypersomnia disorder is a condition where a person experiences excessive sleepiness during the day, often struggling to stay awake or feeling an overwhelming need to sleep even after getting what seems like enough rest. The causes of hypersomnia are varied…
Byssinosis, often called “brown lung disease,” is a respiratory condition caused by inhaling cotton, flax, or hemp dust in textile factories. It mainly affects workers exposed to these organic dusts over time and leads to symptoms like chest tightness, coughing,…
Coal worker’s pneumoconiosis (CWP), often called “black lung disease,” is caused primarily by the **prolonged inhalation of coal mine dust**. This dust is a complex mixture of tiny particles generated during coal mining, containing carbon, silica, silicates, and various trace…
Silicosis is a serious lung disease caused by inhaling fine particles of crystalline silica dust, which is commonly found in materials like sand, rock, and mineral ores. When these tiny silica particles are breathed in, they settle deep in the…