Anal cancer in older adults often begins with subtle symptoms that can easily be mistaken for less serious conditions, making early recognition crucial. The early signs typically involve changes around the anus and in bowel habits, which may persist or worsen over time.
One of the most common early symptoms is **persistent rectal bleeding**. Unlike bleeding caused by hemorrhoids or anal fissures, which often comes and goes or is linked to bowel movements, bleeding from anal cancer tends to be more constant and may occur even without a bowel movement. This bleeding might appear as bright red blood on toilet paper, in the stool, or in the toilet bowl.
Another early warning sign is **changes in bowel habits**. This can include diarrhea, constipation, or noticeable changes in the size, shape, or consistency of stools. For example, stools may become narrower or more difficult to pass. These changes often last for several weeks and do not improve with typical treatments for common bowel issues.
**Anal pain or discomfort** that does not go away is also a key symptom. While hemorrhoids usually cause pain mainly during bowel movements, anal cancer can cause ongoing pain or a feeling of pressure around the anus that persists even when not having a bowel movement.
Feeling a **lump or mass near the anus** is another important sign. This lump may be painless or tender and does not disappear over time. It might be noticed during personal hygiene or a medical examination.
Persistent **itching or unusual discharge** from the anus can also indicate anal cancer. Unlike the intermittent itching caused by hemorrhoids or infections, the itching related to cancer tends to be constant and may be accompanied by a foul-smelling or bloody discharge.
Some people experience a sensation that their **bowel does not empty completely**, even when they are not constipated. This feeling can be uncomfortable and persistent.
In addition to local symptoms, systemic signs such as **unexplained weight loss** and **fatigue** may occur as the cancer progresses. These symptoms reflect the body’s response to the disease and should prompt medical evaluation.
Because these symptoms overlap with more common and less serious conditions like hemorrhoids, fissures, or infections, older adults might dismiss them or attribute them to aging. However, persistent or worsening symptoms lasting more than a few weeks warrant prompt medical attention.
Certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing anal cancer in older adults. The most significant is infection with **human papillomavirus (HPV)**, particularly HPV type 16, which is linked to the majority of anal cancer cases. Other risk factors include a weakened immune system (such as in people with HIV or those on immunosuppressive therapy), smoking, a history of other cancers in the genital or anal area, and having multiple sexual partners.
Because early symptoms can be subtle and easily confused with benign conditions, older adults should maintain open communication with their healthcare providers about any new or unusual anal or bowel symptoms. Early diagnosis through clinical examination and appropriate testing greatly improves treatment outcomes.
In summary, the early symptoms of anal cancer in older adults include persistent rectal bleeding, changes in bowel habits, ongoing anal pain, lumps near the anus, constant itching or discharge, a sensation of incomplete bowel emptying, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue. Recognizing these signs early and seeking medical evaluation is essential for timely diagnosis and management.