The Role of Genetics in Parkinson’s Disease

Parkinson’s disease is a brain disorder that affects movement, and scientists have discovered that genetics plays an important role in its development. While most cases of Parkinson’s aren’t directly inherited, certain gene changes can increase a person’s risk of getting the disease.

Researchers have found several genes linked to Parkinson’s. Some of the most well-known are called LRRK2, PINK1, and SNCA. When these genes have mutations or changes, they can cause problems in the brain that lead to Parkinson’s symptoms.

For example, the LRRK2 gene, when mutated, can make a faulty protein that harms brain cells. People with certain LRRK2 mutations are more likely to get Parkinson’s, especially those of European ancestry[2]. Another gene, PINK1, helps keep tiny structures in cells called mitochondria healthy. When PINK1 doesn’t work right, it can lead to cell damage and Parkinson’s[1].

Recently, scientists discovered a new gene called ITSN1 that’s strongly connected to Parkinson’s risk. People with rare changes in this gene can have up to ten times higher chance of developing the disease[8]. This finding is exciting because it might help researchers create new treatments that target ITSN1.

It’s important to know that having a genetic risk doesn’t mean you’ll definitely get Parkinson’s. Many people with these gene changes never develop the disease. On the flip side, not having these genetic risks doesn’t guarantee you won’t get Parkinson’s. Other factors like aging and environmental causes also play a role[13].

Genetic testing can help people understand their risk for Parkinson’s. However, it’s a personal decision that should be made carefully. A genetic counselor can explain what the test results mean and help people decide if testing is right for them[13].

For those who do have genetic risk factors, there’s hope. Researchers are working on treatments that target specific genetic causes of Parkinson’s. They’re also studying how these genes work to better understand the disease and find new ways to prevent or slow it down.

In the future, doctors might use genetic information to personalize treatments for Parkinson’s patients. They could choose medicines that work best based on a person’s specific genetic makeup.

While genetics is just one piece of the Parkinson’s puzzle, understanding it better is helping scientists make important progress. As research continues, we’re getting closer to better ways of preventing, treating, and maybe even curing this challenging disease.