Crossword puzzles have long been a favorite pastime for people looking to keep their minds sharp, especially as they get older. Many believe that regularly solving crosswords can help prevent or slow down Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. But is there real scientific evidence to support this idea? Let’s look at what the research says, what experts recommend, and how crossword puzzles fit into the bigger picture of brain health.
## What Happens in the Brain with Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, a condition that affects memory, thinking, and behavior. Over time, brain cells die, and connections between them break down. This leads to the classic symptoms of memory loss, confusion, and difficulty with everyday tasks. One of the key changes in the brain with Alzheimer’s is the buildup of abnormal proteins called amyloid plaques and tau tangles, which interfere with normal brain function[3]. Another important factor is the decline in the cholinergic system, a network of brain cells that use the chemical acetylcholine to help with memory and learning. This system is especially vulnerable in Alzheimer’s, and its decline is linked to worsening symptoms[1][2].
## Do Crossword Puzzles Help Prevent or Slow Alzheimer’s?
Many people think that doing crossword puzzles is enough to keep the brain healthy and protect against Alzheimer’s. While crossword puzzles can be fun and mentally stimulating, the scientific evidence is mixed. Some studies suggest that activities like crosswords may help maintain certain thinking skills, especially in the short term[5]. For example, a 2018 study found that crossword puzzles can boost memory and analytical skills, and a 2021 study suggested that brain-training apps and games might improve processing speed and memory, regardless of age[5]. Reading complex material and engaging in other mentally challenging activities also seem to help lower the risk of cognitive decline[5].
However, not all brain activities are equally effective at promoting neuroplasticity—the brain’s ability to adapt and form new connections. According to Dr. Etienne de Villers-Sidani, a neurologist at McGill University, “A lot of people assume crossword puzzles or reading are enough to keep the brain sharp. But not all activities truly promote neuroplasticity”[1][2]. In other words, while crosswords are better than doing nothing, they may not be the most powerful tool for protecting against Alzheimer’s.
## What Does Work for Brain Health?
Recent research highlights that certain types of brain training can have a real impact. A clinical trial led by McGill University found that using a specific, scientifically designed brain-training app (BrainHQ) for 10 weeks improved the cholinergic system in older adults, effectively restoring it to levels seen in people 10 years younger[1][2]. This is significant because the cholinergic system is directly involved in memory and learning, and its decline is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s. The study’s authors say this is the first time any intervention—drug or non-drug—has been shown to improve this system in humans[1][2]. The exercises in BrainHQ are speed-based and get progressively harder, which may be why they are more effective than traditional puzzles.
## Lifestyle Factors Matter Too
Brain health is not just about puzzles or apps. A healthy lifestyle plays a huge role in reducing the risk of Alzheimer’s. Regular physical exercise is one of the most important things you can do. Exercise helps reduce obesity, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and depression—all of which are risk factors for dementia. It also promotes the growth of new brain cells and supports memory and emotional health[4]. Even small amounts of regular exercise can make a difference.
Lifelong learning is another strong protective factor. People who continue to learn new things—whether it’s a language, a musical instrument, or a new skill—tend to have better mental function, even if they develop Alzheimer’s[4]. Education and mental challenge build what’s called “cognitive reserve,” which helps the brain cope with damage.
Diet is also crucial. There is no single “superfood” that prevents dementia, but eating a variety of nutrient-rich foods—like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and fish—supports brain health. The Mediterranean diet, which emphasizes plant-based foods and healthy fats like olive oil, has been shown to protect against cognitive decline[4].
## Genetics and Individual Differences
It’s important to remember that Alzheimer’s risk is influenced by both lifestyle and genetics. Some people, like Doug Whitney from Seattle, carry genes that almost guarantee early-onset Alzheimer’s, yet they never develop symptoms[3]. Researchers are studying these rare cases to understand what might protect the brain, such as certain proteins or other biological factors[3]. For most people, though, lifestyle choices are the biggest factors within their control.
## Putting It All Together
Crossword puzzles are a good way to keep your mind active and may offer some protection against cognitive decline, especially when combined with other mentally stimulating activities[5]. However, they are not a magic bullet. The most effective strategies for brain health include a mix of regular physical exercise, lifelong learning, a healthy diet, and social engagement. For those looking for the strongest evidence-based brain training, scientifically designed programs that challenge processing speed and attention may offer additional benefits[1][2].
If you enjoy crosswords, keep doing them—they’re certainly better than being mentally inactive. But don’t rely on them alone. Make exercise a habit, eat well, keep learning new things, and stay socially connected. These steps, taken together, give you the best chance of maintaining a healthy brain as you age.
## Sources
[1] JMIR Serious Games, “Effects of Computerized Cognitive Training on Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter Levels using [18F]Fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol Positron Emission Tomography in Healthy Older Adults: Results from the Improving Neurological Health in Aging via Neuroplasticity-based Computerized Exercise (INHANCE) Randomized Clinical Trial,” October 13, 2025.
[2] McGill University Newsroom, “Researchers at The Neuro show a brain exercise yields benefits,” October 2025.
[3] Fox News, “He carries the Alzheimer’s gene but never got the disease,” 2023.
[4] Good.is, “This simple plan could reduce one-third of all Alzheimer’s cases,” 2023.
[5] Healthgrades, “6 Brain Exercises to Improve Memory and Cognition,” 2023.
