Genetics and Dementia: What You Need to Know
Genetics and Dementia: What You Need to Know
Dementia is a complex condition that affects millions of people worldwide. While age is the biggest risk factor, genetics also play a role in determining who develops dementia. Here’s what you should know about the connection between genetics and dementia.
Most cases of dementia are not directly inherited. Less than 1% of Alzheimer’s disease cases are caused by specific genetic mutations that run in families. These rare inherited forms usually lead to early-onset Alzheimer’s before age 65.
For the more common late-onset Alzheimer’s and other dementias, genetics are just one piece of the puzzle. Having certain genes can increase your risk, but doesn’t guarantee you’ll develop dementia.
The APOE gene is the strongest known genetic risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease. Everyone inherits one copy of APOE from each parent, either e2, e3, or e4. Having one or two copies of the e4 version increases Alzheimer’s risk but doesn’t make it certain.
Scientists have identified over 75 genes that may influence dementia risk to varying degrees. Researchers are working on developing “polygenic risk scores” that look at many genes to estimate a person’s overall genetic risk.
It’s important to remember that genes aren’t destiny when it comes to dementia. Even people with high genetic risk may never develop the condition. And those with low genetic risk aren’t immune.
Many other factors influence dementia risk, including lifestyle choices. Staying physically and mentally active, eating a healthy diet, not smoking, limiting alcohol, and managing conditions like high blood pressure can help reduce risk.
If you’re concerned about your family history of dementia, talk to your doctor. Genetic testing is available but not routinely recommended. A healthy lifestyle is beneficial for everyone, regardless of genetic risk.
Ongoing research is helping us better understand the complex relationship between genetics and dementia. While we can’t change our genes, focusing on modifiable risk factors can make a big difference in brain health as we age.
