CT scans do not directly cause infertility in young women, but exposure to the ionizing radiation involved in CT imaging, especially near the reproductive organs, can potentially affect fertility and pregnancy outcomes if not carefully managed. The risk is generally related to the radiation dose and the timing of exposure relative to conception.
CT scans use ionizing radiation to create detailed images of the body, which is valuable for diagnosing serious health conditions. However, ionizing radiation can damage cells, including those in the ovaries, which contain the follicles that develop into eggs. The ovarian follicles are particularly sensitive because they have a long dormancy period and mature gradually, making them vulnerable to radiation damage. This damage could theoretically reduce the ovarian reserve—the number of viable eggs—and affect fertility.
Recent large-scale studies have found associations between CT scans performed shortly before pregnancy and increased risks of miscarriage and birth defects. For example, women who had multiple CT scans in the month before conception showed higher rates of pregnancy loss and congenital anomalies in their offspring. This suggests that radiation exposure from CT scans close to the time of conception might impact the viability of pregnancy or fetal development. However, it remains unclear whether these risks are due to the radiation itself or the underlying health issues that prompted the CT scans.
It is important to note that the radiation dose from a single CT scan is generally low, and the risk to fertility from one scan is considered minimal. The ovaries are not always directly exposed during many types of CT scans, and modern CT protocols aim to minimize radiation exposure, especially in young women. When imaging is necessary, alternative methods that do not use ionizing radiation, such as ultrasound or MRI, are often preferred for women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy.
In clinical practice, doctors weigh the benefits and risks of CT scans carefully. If a CT scan is essential for diagnosing or managing a serious condition, it should not be withheld, but precautions can be taken to shield the ovaries or limit exposure. For women who require multiple scans or scans near the pelvic area, fertility preservation options might be discussed.
In summary, while CT scans involve radiation that could potentially affect ovarian function and pregnancy outcomes, a single scan is unlikely to cause infertility. The greatest concern is repeated or high-dose exposure close to conception. Young women who are pregnant or planning pregnancy should discuss imaging options with their healthcare providers to minimize any risks.