Can sleep apnea cause cognitive decline?

Sleep apnea is a condition where a person’s breathing stops and starts repeatedly during sleep. This can lead to a lack of oxygen in the brain, which is crucial for its proper functioning. Recent studies have shown that sleep apnea, particularly obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is linked to cognitive decline and an increased risk of dementia.

Cognitive decline refers to problems with memory, thinking, and learning. It can range from mild issues to severe conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. The connection between sleep apnea and cognitive decline is thought to be due to the repeated interruptions in breathing during sleep, which can deprive the brain of oxygen. This oxygen deprivation can damage brain cells over time, leading to cognitive problems.

Research has consistently shown that people with sleep apnea are more likely to develop dementia. For example, a study involving over 18,000 participants found that sleep apnea was associated with a higher incidence of dementia, especially among older women. Another study from the UK found that people with OSA had a 12% increased risk of all-cause dementia and a 29% increased risk of vascular dementia compared to those without OSA.

Fortunately, there is hope for reducing this risk. Early treatment of sleep apnea with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) may help prevent cognitive decline. CPAP is a device that helps keep the airways open during sleep, ensuring that the brain gets enough oxygen. Studies suggest that using CPAP can reduce or even eliminate the increased risk of dementia associated with sleep apnea.

In summary, sleep apnea can contribute to cognitive decline by depriving the brain of oxygen during sleep. However, treating sleep apnea early can help mitigate this risk, making it an important step in maintaining brain health.