Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, is a non-invasive medical treatment that uses magnetic fields to stimulate brain cells. It was first developed in 1985 by English medical physicist Anthony Barker and has since become a valuable tool in treating various conditions, particularly psychiatric disorders.
### How TMS Works
During a TMS session, a magnetic coil is placed on the scalp. When an electric current is passed through this coil, it generates a magnetic field that penetrates the skull and induces small electric currents in the brain. These currents can activate or suppress brain activity, depending on the type of stimulation used.
The most common type of coil used in TMS is shaped like a figure-of-eight, which allows for precise targeting of specific brain regions. This precision is crucial because it enables doctors to focus on areas of the brain associated with specific conditions, such as depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder.
### Applications of TMS
TMS is primarily used to treat conditions like major depressive disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. It is particularly beneficial for patients who have not responded well to traditional medications. The treatment involves targeting areas of the brain that are involved in mood regulation, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
In addition to its use in psychiatry, TMS is being researched for other conditions, including anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and multiple sclerosis. Its non-invasive nature makes it an attractive option for patients seeking alternatives to surgery or medication.
### Types of TMS
There are several forms of TMS, including repetitive TMS (rTMS) and intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS). rTMS involves delivering magnetic pulses at regular intervals over several weeks, while iTBS is a more rapid form of stimulation that can be completed in a shorter time frame.
Recently, accelerated TMS protocols have been developed, allowing patients to receive multiple sessions per day. This approach can significantly reduce the overall treatment duration, making it more convenient for patients with busy schedules.
### Safety and Side Effects
TMS is generally well-tolerated, with mild side effects such as headaches or scalp discomfort being the most common complaints. These side effects are usually temporary and can be managed with over-the-counter pain relievers. Unlike electroconvulsive therapy, TMS does not require anesthesia and does not induce seizures.
Overall, TMS offers a promising non-invasive treatment option for various neurological and psychiatric conditions, providing hope for patients who have not found relief through other methods.
