Bipolar disorder is a mental health condition that affects the way a person feels, thinks, and acts. It is marked by extreme changes in mood, energy, and activity levels. These changes are not just everyday ups and downs. They are much more intense and can make it hard for a person to live their normal life. People with bipolar disorder go through periods of very high energy and excitement, called mania or hypomania, and periods of deep sadness and low energy, called depression. These mood swings can happen quickly or slowly, and they can last for days, weeks, or even months [1].
The term “bipolar” means two poles. One pole is the high mood, and the other is the low mood. The high mood is when a person feels unusually happy, energetic, or irritable. The low mood is when a person feels sad, hopeless, or empty. These mood swings are not something a person can just snap out of. They are part of the disorder and need proper care and treatment [2].
Mania is a period when a person feels extremely high or irritable. During a manic episode, a person might talk very fast, have racing thoughts, feel like they do not need much sleep, and have a lot of energy. They might also feel very confident, even if they do not have a good reason to. Sometimes, a person in a manic state might do things that are risky or harmful, like spending a lot of money, driving recklessly, or making poor choices in relationships. In severe cases, mania can include psychotic symptoms, such as hearing voices or having false beliefs that are not based in reality. When mania is very severe, a person might need to be hospitalized to keep them safe [2].
Hypomania is a milder form of mania. The symptoms are similar, but they are not as intense and do not cause as much trouble in a person’s life. A person with hypomania might feel very energetic and productive, but they can still function in their daily activities. However, hypomania can sometimes go unnoticed for a long time, and it might not be recognized as a problem until it gets worse or leads to other issues [2].
Depression is the other side of bipolar disorder. During a depressive episode, a person feels very sad, hopeless, or empty. They might lose interest in things they used to enjoy, have trouble sleeping or sleep too much, feel tired all the time, and have trouble concentrating. Some people with bipolar depression might also have thoughts of death or suicide. Depression can make it hard to do everyday tasks, go to work or school, or spend time with friends and family [1].
Bipolar disorder is not the same for everyone. Some people have more manic episodes, while others have more depressive episodes. The length and frequency of these episodes can vary a lot from person to person. Some people might have mood swings that happen only a few times a year, while others might have them more often. There are also different types of bipolar disorder, each with its own pattern of symptoms [4].
Bipolar I disorder is when a person has at least one manic episode that lasts for at least seven days or is so severe that it requires hospitalization. Depressive episodes often follow, and they can last for weeks or months. Bipolar II disorder is when a person has episodes of hypomania and major depression, but not full-blown mania. Cyclothymic disorder is a milder form of bipolar disorder, where a person has chronic symptoms of hypomania and depression that do not meet the full criteria for an episode. There are also subtypes, such as rapid cycling, where a person has four or more mood episodes in a year, and mixed features, where a person has symptoms of both mania and depression at the same time [4].
The exact cause of bipolar disorder is not fully understood, but research shows that it is likely a combination of genetic, biological, and environmental factors. Studies have found that bipolar disorder can run in families, which suggests that genes play a role. Scientists have identified certain genes that may increase the risk of developing the disorder, but having these genes does not mean a person will definitely get bipolar disorder. Other factors, such as stress, trauma, or changes in brain chemistry, can also contribute to the development of the condition [5].
Bipolar disorder can affect anyone, but it often starts in late adolescence or early adulthood. However, it can also begin in childhood or later in life. The symptoms might start slowly and get worse over time, or they might come on suddenly. Some people might have a history of being very temperamental or having trouble managing their emotions before the disorder fully develops [3].
Diagnosing bipolar disorder can be challenging because the symptoms can be similar to other mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety. A mental health professional will usually do a thorough evaluation, including a detailed history of the person’s symptoms, mood patterns, and any family history of mental illness. They might also use questionnaires or other tools to help make a diagnosis. It is important to get an accurate diagnosis so that the right treatment can be provided [1].
Treatment for bipolar disorder usually involves a combination of medication and therapy. Medications, such as mood stabilizers, antipsychotics, and antidepressants, can help control the symptoms and prevent future episodes. Therapy, such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), can help a person learn how to manage their mood swings, cope with stress, and improve their relationships. In some cases, hospitalization might be needed if a person is at risk of harming themselves or others [1].
Living with bipolar disorder can be difficult, but with the right treatment and support, many people are able to manage their symptoms and lead fulfilling lives. It is important for people with bipolar disorder to take their medication as prescribed, attend therapy sessions, and make healthy lifestyle choices, such as getting enough sleep, eating well, and avoiding drugs and alcohol. Support from family, friends, and mental health professionals can also make a big difference [1].
Bipolar disorder is a lifelong condition, but it does not have to define a person’s life. With proper care and treatment, people with bipolar disorder can learn to recognize their triggers, manage their symptoms, and live well. It is important to remember that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness, and that there is hope for recovery and a better quality of life [1].
Sources
[1] https://www.addictionhelp.com/mental-health/bipolar-disorder/
[2] https://cpa.ca/psychology-works-fact-sheet-bipolar-disorder/
[3] https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/children-s-health-issues/mental-health-disorders-in-children-and-adolescents/bipolar-disorder-in-children-and-adolescents
[4] https://www.voguerecoverycenter.com/what-we-treat/mental-health-disorders-we-treat/depressive-disorders/bipolar-disorder/
[5] https://www.britannica.com/science/bipolar-disorder/
