Atrioventricular malformation (AVM) is a congenital heart defect that affects the structure and function of the heart. It is a rare condition, occurring in about 1% of all live births, and is more common in males than females. AVM can vary in severity and can have different effects on an individual’s health, but it is important to understand the basics of this condition.
To fully understand AVM, we must first understand the anatomy of the heart. The heart is a vital organ that pumps oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body. It is divided into four chambers – the left and right atria and the left and right ventricles. The atria receive blood from the body and lungs, while the ventricles pump blood to the body and lungs.
In a healthy heart, there are valves between the atria and ventricles that help regulate the flow of blood. These valves, called the mitral valve on the left side and the tricuspid valve on the right side, open and close to ensure that blood flows in one direction.
However, in individuals with AVM, these valves do not form properly during fetal development. This leads to a malformation where there are holes or gaps between the chambers of the heart, allowing blood to flow in the wrong direction or mix between oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood.
There are three types of AVM: atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD), partial atrioventricular canal defect (PAVCD), and complete atrioventricular canal defect (CAVCD). AVSD is the most common type and involves a hole in the center of the heart where all four chambers meet. PAVCD involves a hole in only one side of the heart, while CAVCD involves multiple holes in both sides of the heart.
The exact cause of AVM is unknown, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors. It is more common in individuals with Down syndrome and other genetic disorders, and it can also be caused by certain medications taken during pregnancy.
Symptoms of AVM can vary depending on the severity of the malformation. In mild cases, there may be no symptoms at all, and the condition may go undetected until later in life. However, in more severe cases, symptoms can include difficulty breathing, fatigue, poor growth, blue or gray skin color, and recurrent respiratory infections.
To diagnose AVM, a doctor may perform a physical exam and listen to the heart for abnormal sounds or murmurs. A chest X-ray, electrocardiogram (ECG), echocardiogram, and cardiac catheterization may also be used to confirm the diagnosis and determine the severity of the malformation.
Treatment for AVM depends on the severity and symptoms experienced by the individual. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary, and the condition may correct itself as the child grows. However, in more severe cases, surgery is usually required to repair the holes in the heart and reconstruct the valves.
The timing of surgery is also important, as it can affect the long-term outcome of an individual with AVM. In some cases, surgery may be performed in infancy, while in others, it may be delayed until later in childhood.
After surgery, individuals with AVM will need regular follow-up appointments with a cardiologist to monitor their heart function and ensure there are no complications. They may also need to take medications such as diuretics to help manage symptoms and prevent infections.
While AVM can be a serious condition, with proper treatment and monitoring, most individuals with this malformation can lead relatively normal lives. However, they may be at increased risk for developing other heart problems later in life and should continue to see a cardiologist regularly.
In conclusion, atrioventricular malformation is a congenital heart defect that affects the structure and function of the heart. It is caused by a malformation of the valves and walls between the chambers of the heart, and can vary in severity. While it is a rare condition, it is important to be aware of AVM and its symptoms, as early detection and treatment can lead to better outcomes for individuals with this condition.
